Citez

« La pauvreté était intentionnelle » : santé, pensionnats et éducation en ojibwé

Ozhibii’ige-ikwe: Emilie Lebel

Émilie Lebel

Auteure collaboratrice

Émilie est une rédactrice pigiste émergente spécialisée dans la santé et la justice sociale. Elle possède un baccalauréat spécialisé en sciences de la santé et en psychologie (Université d’Ottawa, 2013), une maîtrise en sciences de la santé en ergothérapie (Université d’Ottawa, 2015) et un certificat en troubles concomitants (Université de Toronto et CAMH, 2022), ainsi que des années d’expérience en santé mentale communautaire et en lésions cérébrales acquises.  Émilie se passionne pour les changements sociaux positifs et efficaces – qu’elle s’efforce de susciter par l’éducation et un discours significatif.

“Ji-gidimaagizing gaa-onji-izhiseg”: Ganandawiziwin, Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon, owe gaye Gikinoo’amaadiwin

Odinawemaagana’ gaa-gii-izhaanid Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoong bi-onji-aanike-ondaadizi Chantal Batt. Ojibwaywiwa’ odinawemaagana’ ini gaa-omaamaayad. Lake of the Woods imaa nake Ontario onjiiwa’.

Kenora gaa-ayaagin, St. Mary’s Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon owe gaye Cecelia Jeffery gii-izhinizho’aawag abinoojiiwag imaa gaa-onjiiwaad, ikido Batt. “Gaawiin gii-mino-izhisesiiwag nookomis awe gaye nimishoomis,” inaajimo.  “Memindage-go nimishoomis: osayeyan onowe gaye omiseyan iwidi ogii-wani’aa. Gii-nibowag megwaa iwidi niizhoo-gikinoo’amawindwaa. Wiijikiwewiwaan, Charlie, apii gii-ningodwaaso-bibooned aana-gii-gagwe giimii, gii-nibo gii-ondagoojing gaa-izhi-giishkaabikaanig. Booshke gaawiin ningakendaziimin aandi gaa-izhi-na’inind. Gaawiin gaye ningakendaziimin aaniin gaa-izhisenid ini omisewiwaan.”

Gechi-aya’aawiwaad, omishoomisan onowe gaye ookomisan Batt, endaso Waatebagaa-giizis,  zaaga’iganing ako gii-izhi-maajaawa’ ji-waniba’aawaad iwe RCMP. Mii-gaa-apiiji andawendazigwaa  oniijaanisiwaa’ owidi Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoong ji-izhiiwinimind.

Odebwedaan Batt gaa-izhibii’iged Dr. Bryce gaa-apiiji gagwaanisagi’ayaag imaa. “Naaniigaan-igo, aapiji debinaak gii-izhichigaadewan onowe gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon. Gii-ozaamiinad gaa-agwaagwasing, gaawiin gaye gii-giizhoojigaadesinoonan. Odazhindaan iwe miinziiwaabo gii-azhe’aabooteg, “miidash iwe gaa-ani-onibiimiwaad, gaa-ani-minikwewaad abinoojiiwag.” “Agwaajiing miinziiwigamigoon eyaagin gii-naganaawag, gii-mamaanjigopinaawag igi abinoojiiwag, gabedibik imaa gii-aadaakwa’aawag gii-gisinaanig makizinan gagishkanzigwaa. Manijoosha’ gii-ayaawa’ imaa omiijimimiwaa gaa-miijiwaad. Gaawiin gii-debisesiiwag miijim. Aapiji gagwaanisag, gagwaanisag gakendamaan gaapi-doodawindwaa ogo gaa-zhawenimagwaa, owe gaye gaapi-izhi-aanikeseg. »

Waabandaan Batt, awiya ezhi-ganandawi’ayaad noongom, “dago-ayaani imaa gaapi-izhigiwaad iwe gaye gaapi-inamanji’owaad owidi odaanaang. Gaawiin gidaa-miziwe-ganandawizisii  dazhiikanziwan gaa-bagijisesinog ono gaapi-bakiteshkaagoyan. Gaawiin bakaan izhi-ayaasiiwag nindinawemaaganag gaa-izhi-ayaawaad aanind gaa-iniwendiwaad geyaabi gii-bimiiwidoowaad wiisagaapinewin. Wiisagaapinewin mashi ekidosing, maagizhaa gaye weweni-gaa-dazhinjigaatesinog onzaam waasa owidi ogagishkaagonaawaa. Gaawiin ogakendaziinaawaa ge-izhi-bagidinamowaad booshke-go wegonen iwe gaa-wiisagishkaagowaad.

“Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon gaapi-izhi-nagadamaagegin onjiimagad iwe Anishinaabeg ezhi-ganandawiziwaad,” izhi-mashkawi-giigido.

Ganandawiziwin, gaye, Gidimaagiziwin

2011 apii, Batt gii-wiidookaazo ji-ganootamaaged owe ganandawiziwin, aazha o’apii gii-aakoziwan in omaamaayan.  Gii-zanagad ikido, ji-wiiji’imind omaamaayan. Apii gaa-wiindamowind gaa-zanagak-aakoziwin gii-ayaad, niso-giizis eta geyaabi ji-bimaadizid gii-inaa, bangii gaye nake gii-izhi-zaaziitonaa. O’owe nakwetamowin imaa gii-onjise gii-ozaami-aabadak endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin  owe gaye gaa-apiiji zanagadinig ge-izhi-ganawenimimind ini omaamaayan.

“Owe odaanaang gaa-bi-ako-ayaag badago-dibenjigewin,” izhi-wiindamaage Batt, “Anishinaabeg gaawiin ogii-gagwe-babizikendaziinaawaa onowe oko-ganandawiziwinan. Ozaamiinowag noongom Anishinaabeg gaa-debwetanzigwaa iwe endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin, gegoo-go iwe onji. Odinawemaagana’ wiinawaa, mii owe bezhig onji imaa dego-ayaag: mashkiki gii-aabadadinig gii-gagweji’indwaa iwidi Cecelia Jeffery. Gaawiin wii-babizikendaziinaawaa iwe endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin. Awashime aakoziwag apii imaa ayaawaad, nawaj aakoziwag apiijwiin aanind awiya. Batt gii-wiijitwaad gaa-zanagadinig, niibiwa daso-biboon gii-noomagesinini iwe gaa-zanagak-aakoziwin ini omaamaayan. “Enigok ningii-gaagaanji’iwe iniwe minik gaa-izhi-wiiji’ind nimaamaa. Giishpin izhichigesiwaambaan, niso-giizis maawiin geget eta daa-gii-bimaadizi.”

Gii-izhiseg owe, Batt gii-babaamizi imaa Ottawa Hospital Patient Advisory Council. Anishinaabe’ ge-wiidookawaad gii-inaginzo. Ogii-ozhi-ayaan “ge-dazhi-ayaangwaami-ayaawaad” Anishinaabeg imaa aakoziiwigamigoong. Gikinoo’amaage-mezinaatesegin gaye ogii-ozhi’ayaamowa’. Ogii-aanjibii-aan gaye aakoziiwigamigoong gaa-ayaawaad iwe biminizha’ige-mazina’igan. Miiwan ono aanind anokaajiganan gaa-dazhiikang. Geyaabi wiidanokiimaa’ iwe Canadian Medical Association ji-ozhi-ayaad gikinoo’amaadiwinan “enokiiwaad oko-mashkikiikaaning ji-nisidoziwaad geget enaadizinid Anishinaabe’ eyaanid imaa endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin.”

Niizho-biboon gaa-izhiseg, Batt ozigosisan gii-nibowan, ningodwaasomidana-ashi-niso gii-daso-biboonewan, omaamaayan, niizhwaasomidana gii-daso-biboonewan, omishoomeyan, ningodwaasomidana-ashi-bezhig gii-daso-biboonewan. “Dakwaani obimaadiziiwiniwaa Anishinaabeg imaa minik endashiwaad Canadians. Gaawiin wiin gii-bimaadiziwaad nindinawemaaganag wenji-debwemagak, gii-bimaadizisigwaa iwe wiindamaagemagad, ikido Batt,” “Niin-igo naaniigaan ningakendaan iwe.”

“Apii imaa biindigeshkaawaad Anishinaabeg ezhi-okwiinong – giishpin imaa endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin ayaawaad, gichi-zanagadiniwan odaakoziiwiniwaa ini gaye ezhi-ozhibii’igaazowaad,” ikido Batt. Oniigaanitoon iwe gidimaagiziwin ezhi-nakweseg aanawii-ganandawi-ayaang imaa okogewining. Miijim gii-ayaasiing iwe bezhig. “Niibiwa inaginde miijim, nawaj-igo bagwajiya’ii owidi,” ikido. Ji-ondinaang wenizhishing miijim iwe bezhig zenagak. Miinawaa-go, Batt odinoo-aanan, “meno-ayaasinog ezhichigeng,” daabishkoo gaa-ozhichigaateg miijim niibiwa gii-miijing, miidash gaawiin miijisiim onowe Anishinaabe inanjigewinan.

Mii onowe wenji-minwiigin gii-ozaamiinak ziinzibaakwadwaapinewin, iwe gaye ode’iwaapinewin ji-ozhi-oomagak imaa okogewining, ikido Batt. Gidimaagiziwin obakiteshkaagon aya’aa aana-wii-nakwetang gii-wiindamawind  mashkiki ge-izhi-wiiji’igod. “Maagizhaa oodena-miikanaang izhi-daawag, bangii gaa-diba’amawindwaa anokiiwin odayaanaawaadog ,maagizhaa gaye gaawiin miinaasiiwag deminik anweshinowin ji-mino-ganawenindizowaad, maagizhaa gaye onishike bimi-aawaa’ oniijaanisiwaa’, ikido Batt. Daabishkoo. weweni-ji-inanjiged awiya gii-inind, ji-ando-aateshindizod gaye, zanagadani agwaawaa gii-gashkichiged, miijim gii-aakogindenig, gii-diba’amawaasiwind ajina wii-ishkwaa anokiid, maagizhaa gaye nake ge-izhi-babaami’ayaad. Geget, ezhi-bakiteshkaamagak gidimaagiziwin aana-wii-ganandawizing, aana-wii-mino-ayaang, wiinge bagakinaagod miziwe onowe okogewinan eyaagin.

Gikinoo’amaadiwin biijin–igo Dabasi-gashkichigewin – Daabishkoo gaa-ani-Naaniisibiteg

Lake of the Woods imaa nakeya’ii, inaajimo Batt, “aapiji enigok ogii-bakiteshkaagonaawaa iwe gaapi-izhi-nagadamaagegin ono Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon. Niibiwa geyaabi noongom inamanji’onan ayaawan wenjisegin onowe ganandawiziwin gaye wendaadizing bakiteshkaagewinan.

Gaa-goopaadak gikinoo’amaadiwin iwe nitam inendaagod gaa-ani-gawiseg Anishinaabe-ganandawiziwin gii-ani-wanishkweseg. Omaa Canada, First Nations, Inuit, Metis aya’aag nawaj inendaagoziwag ji-giizhitoosigwaa gikinoo’amaadiwin gii-aazhawe-dibaabamindwaa aanind omaa gaa-daawaad. Gii-bakaanakin onowe ezhi-gashkitoong gikinoo’amaadiwin ani-onjise nawaj gii-ishpiseg gwiinanokiiwin onowe gaye ezhi-miziweseg gidimaagiziwin, gaa-maanaadak waakaa’igewin, gii-gwiinawe-daang, gii-ozaami-mooshkinegin waakaa’iganan, gii-gwiinawe-miijing owe gaye bakaan gii-izhi’ind, gii-aanawenimind gaye awiya. (Pan-Canadian Health Inequalities Reporting Initiative, 2018). Geget-igo izhibii’igewag igiwe Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC) in 2015, “bezhig owe ogichi-bwaanawechigewininwaa onowe gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon onji-nanepaatendaagwad epiitendaagok gakendaasowin gaa-gii-miigiwewaad.”

TRC odando-gakenjigewiniwaa waabanda’iwemagad wegonen debinaak gakendaasowin gaa-onji-maajisegin izhisewinan. Aanike-bimaadiziwin-ganandawiziwin-bakiteshkaagewinan imaa gii-onjiiwan.

O’owe TRC gii-izhibii’igewag “gii-noondaam Metis abinoojiwag midaaso-biboon, booshke nawaj gabeya’ii gii-gikinoo’amawindwaa, miidash eta niizh gii-akooshkaawaad…gaawiin deminik gakendaasowin ogii-ayaasiinaawaa ji-gashkitoowaad babaamiziwin ji-ayaamowaad – agwaawaa gaye deminik ji-nitaa ozhibii’amowaad mazina’igan.” O’owe izhichigewin gii-onji-wanishkwe-aawag eniwendiwaad ji-gikinoo’amawaawaad oniijaanisiwa’ ji-nitaa anokiinid owe nake enaadiziwaad. Gii-waniseg iwe, niibiwaa bemaadiziwaad gaa-zhaabwiiwaad ono Anishinaabe-gikinoo-amaadiiwigamigoon  gii-maneziwag gakenjigewinan ji-anokii’indwaa, mii gaa-izhi-gizikawe-ayaasinog ge-izhi-bimaaji’idiwaad Anishinaabeg ono gaye odookogewiniwaa.

Wemaamaawiyaad, gaapi-akooshkaawaad gii-gikinoo’amawindwaa onjiimagad iwe oniijaanisiwaa’ ge-izhi-gishki’ewizinid gikinoo’amawimind (Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 2008) gaapi-zhaabwiiwaad debasaanig ge-izhi-bimi’idizowaad gii-izhi-bagamiseni ogowe imaa gaa-bi-ondaadiziwaad.

“Gaawiin goshkotaagosinoon,” izhibii’igaate iwe TRC mazina’igan, “epii-dibagandeg abinoojii-gidimaagiziwin ogo Anishinaabe abinoojiiwag gichi-ishpaa – 40%. 17% dash gii-aazhawe-dibaabamindwaa ogo aanind abinoojiiwag imaa Canada eyaawaad….miiwan ono dego-ayaanig obimaadiziiwiniwaa igi abinoojiiwag: onowe ezhi-bimi’idizong, owe gaye gikinoo’amaadiwin gaapi-nagadamaagegin ono Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon.”

Gii-debweng, ikido Batt “onowe Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon, gaawiin gii-izhi-ayaasinoon anishinaabensag ji-gichi-gikinoo’amawindwaa. Anokiiwin omaa akiing ji-ayaag gii-inaabadatoon, ge-anokiiwaad imaa ji-onjiiwaad. Gaawiin gii-inendaagozisiiwag ji-ishpi-gikinoo’amawindwaa. Gii-izhi-aawag ji-gidimaagiziwaad, dabasya’iing ji-dananokiiwaad omaa eyaanid gaa-wenoodizinid debendamowaad ezhi-maajiishkaag gegoo. Ji-gidimaagizing gaa-onji-izhiseg.”

Geyaabi-sa owidi, gaa-gii-izhaawaad Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoong ono dash aanind “bakaan gikinoo-amaadiiwigamigoon,” daabishkoo ini Batt omaamaayan, ogii-megwaashkaanaawaa iwe bakaan gii-izhi-indwaa, gii-aanawenimindwaa gaye. Gekinoo’amaagewaad, igiwe gaye gekinoo’amawindwaa gii-gagaanji’aawag ji-dabasenimaawaad Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amawaaganag. Ji-baapinenjigaateg Anishinaabe-inaadiziwin iwe gaye odaanaang gaapi-inaadizing gii-izhi-gikinoo’amaagewag igi gekinoo’amaagewaad. “Mii ono gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon gaa-izhi-andawenimigowaang ji-izhichigeyaang,” ikido Batt, “ji-agaji’ayaayaang, ji-ani-bakaaniziyaang.” Ji-agajiiwenindizong gii-izhichigewag, mii-iwe gaa-inendaang gaapi-aanikooseg omaa eyaag aanike bimaadiziwin.”

Mii owe wenji-ayaangwaamanji’osigwaa imaa gikinoo-amaadiiwigamigoon niibiwa awiya. Gaawiin wiiji’iwesinoon aana-wii-bimi’idizong. Omoonendaanaawaa aya’aag gikinoo’amaagewin onzaam nake gaapi-izhi-gikinoo’amawimind odaanikoobijiganiwa’ iwe gaye Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon ezhi-oko-zhaaganaashiiwingin,“ izhi-wiindamaage Batt. “Ayaawag Anishinaabeg gaa-ishpi-gikinoo’amawindwaa, gaa-ani-zhaabotaawaad imaa ezhi-oko-ayaang. Ayaawag idash geyaabi gaa-giizhi-gikinoo’amawaasiwindwaa, gaawiin gaye waabandaziinaa ezhi-apiitendaagok gikinoo’amaadiwin.”

Miigo geget ezhising iwe TRC ozhibii’igan, “2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey waabanda’iwem, 72% ogo Anishinaabeg ishkoniganing gaa-daasigwaa, 42% igi Inuit, 77% dash igi Metis, ashi-nishwaaso biijin niimidana-ashi-niiwin endaso-biboonewaad odayaanaawaa mazina’igan ashi-niizh gii-akooshkaang gikinoo’amaadiwin, maagizhaa gaye dibishkoo gegoo….Gii-aazhawe-dibaabanjigaateg owe 2012 National Household Survey waabanda’iwemagad 89% wemitigoozhiwag odaayaanaawaa mazina’igan ashi-niizh gii-akooshkaang gikinoo-amaadiwin.” Gaapi-izhi-nagadamaagegin ono Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon iitog iwe gishki’ewiziwin gii-gikinoo’amaading ezhi-agindeg nawaj dabasagindewan imaa Anishinaabe-okogewining apiijwiin omaa Canadian endaawinan.

“Ningi-inendam igo ji-gidimaagizisiwaan,” izhi-mamikwendam Batt. Misawaa-go gechi-gakendaasod ayaawisiyaan, enigok ningii-gagaanji’idiz ji-zhaabwiitamaan owe gikinoo’amaadiwin onzaam ningii-gakendaan wiika gidimaagiziwin nake wii-inaadizisiwaan. Mii iwe gaa-anokaatamaan.” Misawaa dash ikido, “Waasa ganamaj nindaa gii-dagoshin nindinendam giishpin ondami-miigaadanziwaambaan [onowe] maaji-minjimendamawinan.”

Niigaan Ani-izhaang

Gidimaagiziwin imaa gii-ani-onjiseg, aaniin ge-izhi-gibichitoowangiban owe gaa-gagizhibaaseg ezhi-goopatak aanawii-ayaang gikinoo’amaadiwin. Izhichigeng i’iwe, daa-maajii-gwayakositoom ezhi-diba’okiing owe ganandawiziwin gaa-minosesinog omaa Canada.

Nitam gaa-niigaaniimagak ikidowag ogo TRC, owe oko-gikinoo’amaagewin odaa-bagidinaanaawaa owe gaapi-nagajigaateg gii-inaabadak ji-ango-ayaang gii-Anishinaabewing. Onjida-go deminik zhooniyaa ji-debised ji-gibiseg owe gaapi-nagadamowaad Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon. O’owe gaye, wegonen ge-gikinoo’aamageng ji-aanji-aginjigaateg: Onowe Anishinaabeg eyaamowaad gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon, gaa-gichi-apiitendaagokin dazhinjigewinan onowe ezhi-anishinaabe-aadizing nake gekinoo’amawindwaa daa-miinaawag. “Endanaadizing nake gakenjigewin,” daabishkoo, izhi-nisidawenigaate imaa TRC, “biminizha’igewin gaa-gizikawe’igod awe gekinoo’amawind iniwe ogakenjigewinan onowe: Anishinaabe-aadiziwin, aki, odaanaang gaapi-ezhi-ayaag, onowe gaye dibaajimowinan eyaagin imaa odookogewiniwaa,” dagwii-aawaad gaye gichi-aya’aa wii-ani-gakendamowaad gegoo. Miidash owe, wemitigoozhi gaa-aabajitood gekina’amaading, odaa- ziidonaanaawaa aanawenjigewin ji-ayaasinog. Odaani-dagwasitoonaawaa owe Anishinaabe-inendamowinan iwe gaye gaa-gwayakosing odaanaang gaapi-ayenaadizing.

“Gikinoo’amaadiwin iwe gaa-gichii-inendaagod,” ikido Batt. Miigo gaye owe ji-gakendaang be-izhi-ginoo-bakiteshkaagegin ono Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon.”Aangwaamas bi-naagod iwe onzaam gaawiin ogii-gakendaziinaawaa igi Canadians, mii dash zhigo gakendamowaad,” izhi-dibaajimo. “Mii maawiin zhigo gakendamowaad Anishinaabeg wenji ozaamiinowaad imaa oodena-miikanaang. Ningoopaadizimin, nimaanaadatoomin ini odena-miikanan, ningiiwashkwebiishkimin, onake nindizhi-ayaamin, owe gaye nake’ii…..waabamikwag nindinawemaaganinaanig iwe gaapi-zhaabwiitamowaad! Giipi-niinami-aawag gosha.”

Mii wenji gotaamigozid Batt iwe gii-anokaatang ji-ganootamaaged o’owe ganandawiziwin. “Gikinoo’amaadiwin apane gaa-ani-onji-aanjiseg gegoo; gikinoo-amaadiwin iwe dash bagakendamowin.” Bagosendam iwe gii-wiidanokiimaad Canadian Medical Association ji, “ji-baakisenig oshkiinzhigowaan, odawaganiwaan gaye, iniwe geget ji-gakendamowaad be-inaadizinid  Anishinaabe’.” Inanokii ji-aanjitood ayenendamowin imaa endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin eyaanid, ji-ozhiseg ezhi-nisitomanji’ong, ji-miinoseg ezhi-wiiji’iding, owe gaye ambegizh ji-ani-mashkawi-ayaag owe ezhi-debwetaading.” “Gaawiin wiika niminwaabandaziin enenimindwaa Anishinaabeg gaa-aakoziwaad imaa endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin. Indigo dashwiin-igo bakaan gii-ani-izhise nindinendam, owe gii-dago-bagakendaang.”

Geget, ani-aa-aanjise gegoo. Gaa-ganootamaagewaad, daabishkoo awe Batt, Anishinaabe-babaamiziiwinan, nawaj gii-minoseg ezhi-miiniding zhooniyaa, ani-ishpisewan ekoo-ayaagin gii-ani-gikinoo-amaading. D’Hont, Metis mashkikiiwinini owidi North West Territories wenji-ayaad, ani-ishpise izhibii’ige, Anishinaabeg gaa-giizhi-gikinoo-amawindwaa ono ganandawiziwin-inanokiiwinan daabishkoo wii-gikinoo’amawind awiya ji-mashkikiiwininiiwid. O’owe gii-izhiseg onji-maajise oshki-aya’aag ji-ani-izhi-biminizha’igewaad (D’Hont in Greenwood, de Leeuw, Stout, Larstone awe gaye Sutherland; 2022) “Ayaawag omaa aya’aag nindokogewining gaa-gagwe bazigwii’idizowaad, “izhi-debwedam Batt. Geget win-igo, owidi dabasya’ii onji-maajidaawag, ji-ani-baazhijikamowaad dash iwe. Gaawiin wendasinoon ji-izhichigeng. Nimbi-naaniinimi-ayaawigoomin, gaawiin dashwiin ningii-de-angwii’igoosiimin. Geyaabi nindani-ishpaandawemin.”