“The poverty was intended”: Health, Residential Schools, and Education in Ojibway

Ozhibii’ige-ikwe: Emilie Lebel

Émilie Lebel

Contributing Writer

Émilie is an emerging freelance writer specialising in health and social justice. Her knowledge base includes an Honours Bachelor of Health Sciences & Psychology (uOttawa, 2013), a Master of Health Sciences in Occupational Therapy (uOttawa, 2015), and a certificate in Concurrent Disorders (University of Toronto & CAMH, 2022) along with years of experience in community mental health and acquired brain injuries. Emilie is passionate about effective positive social change – which she works to spark through education and meaningful discourse.

This article was translated into the Ojibway language using the double-vowel system by Rose Marie Tuesday, Anishinaabeg of Naongaashiing, Lake of the Woods.

“Ji-gidimaagizing gaa-onji-izhiseg”: Ganandawiziwin, Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon, owe gaye Gikinoo’amaadiwin

Mii owe bezhig mazina’igan gii-ando gakenjigaategin ono Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon be-izhi-wanishkwe’iwemagakin aanawii-ganandawi’ayaawaad Anishinaabeg. Bebezhig ono ozhibii’iganan nibwaakaawin eyaad imaa gaagiigido ji-ando-waawaabandang gaa-boonisesinog gaapi-izhi-nagadamaagegin ono anookiiwigamigoon imaa noongom endazhi-okogeng.

Odinawemaagana’ gaa-gii-izhaanid Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoong bi-onji-aanike-ondaadizi Chantal Batt. Ojibwaywiwa’ odinawemaagana’ ini gaa-omaamaayad. Lake of the Woods imaa nake Ontario onjiiwa’.

Kenora gaa-ayaagin, St. Mary’s Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon owe gaye Cecelia Jeffery gii-izhinizho’aawag abinoojiiwag imaa gaa-onjiiwaad, ikido Batt. “Gaawiin gii-mino-izhisesiiwag nookomis awe gaye nimishoomis,” inaajimo. “Memindage-go nimishoomis: osayeyan onowe gaye omiseyan iwidi ogii-wani’aa. Gii-nibowag megwaa iwidi niizhoo-gikinoo’amawindwaa. Wiijikiwewiwaan, Charlie, apii gii-ningodwaaso-bibooned aana-gii-gagwe giimii, gii-nibo gii-ondagoojing gaa-izhi-giishkaabikaanig. Booshke gaawiin ningakendaziimin aandi gaa-izhi-na’inind. Gaawiin gaye ningakendaziimin aaniin gaa-izhisenid ini omisewiwaan.”

Gechi-aya’aawiwaad, omishoomisan onowe gaye ookomisan Batt, endaso Waatebagaa-giizis, zaaga’iganing ako gii-izhi-maajaawa’ ji-waniba’aawaad iwe RCMP. Mii-gaa-apiiji andawendazigwaa oniijaanisiwaa’ owidi Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoong ji-izhiiwinimind.

Odebwedaan Batt gaa-izhibii’iged Dr. Bryce gaa-apiiji gagwaanisagi’ayaag imaa. “Naaniigaan-igo, aapiji debinaak gii-izhichigaadewan onowe gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon. Gii-ozaamiinad gaa-agwaagwasing, gaawiin gaye gii-giizhoojigaadesinoonan. Odazhindaan iwe miinziiwaabo gii-azhe’aabooteg, “miidash iwe gaa-ani-onibiimiwaad, gaa-ani-minikwewaad abinoojiiwag.” “Agwaajiing miinziiwigamigoon eyaagin gii-naganaawag, gii-mamaanjigopinaawag igi abinoojiiwag, gabedibik imaa gii-aadaakwa’aawag gii-gisinaanig makizinan gagishkanzigwaa. Manijoosha’ gii-ayaawa’ imaa omiijimimiwaa gaa-miijiwaad. Gaawiin gii-debisesiiwag miijim. Aapiji gagwaanisag, gagwaanisag gakendamaan gaapi-doodawindwaa ogo gaa-zhawenimagwaa, owe gaye gaapi-izhi-aanikeseg.”

Waabandaan Batt, awiya ezhi-ganandawi’ayaad noongom, “dago-ayaani imaa gaapi-izhigiwaad iwe gaye gaapi-inamanji’owaad owidi odaanaang. Gaawiin gidaa-miziwe-ganandawizisii dazhiikanziwan gaa-bagijisesinog ono gaapi-bakiteshkaagoyan. Gaawiin bakaan izhi-ayaasiiwag nindinawemaaganag gaa-izhi-ayaawaad aanind gaa-iniwendiwaad geyaabi gii-bimiiwidoowaad wiisagaapinewin. Wiisagaapinewin mashi ekidosing, maagizhaa gaye weweni-gaa-dazhinjigaatesinog onzaam waasa owidi ogagishkaagonaawaa. Gaawiin ogakendaziinaawaa ge-izhi-bagidinamowaad booshke-go wegonen iwe gaa-wiisagishkaagowaad.

“Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon gaapi-izhi-nagadamaagegin onjiimagad iwe Anishinaabeg ezhi-ganandawiziwaad,” izhi-mashkawi-giigido.

Ganandawiziwin, gaye, Gidimaagiziwin

2011 apii, Batt gii-wiidookaazo ji-ganootamaaged owe ganandawiziwin, aazha o’apii gii-aakoziwan in omaamaayan. Gii-zanagad ikido, ji-wiiji’imind omaamaayan. Apii gaa-wiindamowind gaa-zanagak-aakoziwin gii-ayaad, niso-giizis eta geyaabi ji-bimaadizid gii-inaa, bangii gaye nake gii-izhi-zaaziitonaa. O’owe nakwetamowin imaa gii-onjise gii-ozaami-aabadak endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin owe gaye gaa-apiiji zanagadinig ge-izhi-ganawenimimind ini omaamaayan.

“Owe odaanaang gaa-bi-ako-ayaag badago-dibenjigewin,” izhi-wiindamaage Batt, “Anishinaabeg gaawiin ogii-gagwe-babizikendaziinaawaa onowe oko-ganandawiziwinan. Ozaamiinowag noongom Anishinaabeg gaa-debwetanzigwaa iwe endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin, gegoo-go iwe onji. Odinawemaagana’ wiinawaa, mii owe bezhig onji imaa dego-ayaag: mashkiki gii-aabadadinig gii-gagweji’indwaa iwidi Cecelia Jeffery. Gaawiin wii-babizikendaziinaawaa iwe endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin. Awashime aakoziwag apii imaa ayaawaad, nawaj aakoziwag apiijwiin aanind awiya. Batt gii-wiijitwaad gaa-zanagadinig, niibiwa daso-biboon gii-noomagesinini iwe gaa-zanagak-aakoziwin ini omaamaayan. “Enigok ningii-gaagaanji’iwe iniwe minik gaa-izhi-wiiji’ind nimaamaa. Giishpin izhichigesiwaambaan, niso-giizis maawiin geget eta daa-gii-bimaadizi.”

Gii-izhiseg owe, Batt gii-babaamizi imaa Ottawa Hospital Patient Advisory Council. Anishinaabe’ ge-wiidookawaad gii-inaginzo. Ogii-ozhi-ayaan “ge-dazhi-ayaangwaami-ayaawaad” Anishinaabeg imaa aakoziiwigamigoong. Gikinoo’amaage-mezinaatesegin gaye ogii-ozhi’ayaamowa’. Ogii-aanjibii-aan gaye aakoziiwigamigoong gaa-ayaawaad iwe biminizha’ige-mazina’igan. Miiwan ono aanind anokaajiganan gaa-dazhiikang. Geyaabi wiidanokiimaa’ iwe Canadian Medical Association ji-ozhi-ayaad gikinoo’amaadiwinan “enokiiwaad oko-mashkikiikaaning ji-nisidoziwaad geget enaadizinid Anishinaabe’ eyaanid imaa endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin.”

Niizho-biboon gaa-izhiseg, Batt ozigosisan gii-nibowan, ningodwaasomidana-ashi-niso gii-daso-biboonewan, omaamaayan, niizhwaasomidana gii-daso-biboonewan, omishoomeyan, ningodwaasomidana-ashi-bezhig gii-daso-biboonewan. “Dakwaani obimaadiziiwiniwaa Anishinaabeg imaa minik endashiwaad Canadians. Gaawiin wiin gii-bimaadiziwaad nindinawemaaganag wenji-debwemagak, gii-bimaadizisigwaa iwe wiindamaagemagad, ikido Batt,” “Niin-igo naaniigaan ningakendaan iwe.”

“Apii imaa biindigeshkaawaad Anishinaabeg ezhi-okwiinong – giishpin imaa endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin ayaawaad, gichi-zanagadiniwan odaakoziiwiniwaa ini gaye ezhi-ozhibii’igaazowaad,” ikido Batt. Oniigaanitoon iwe gidimaagiziwin ezhi-nakweseg aanawii-ganandawi-ayaang imaa okogewining. Miijim gii-ayaasiing iwe bezhig. “Niibiwa inaginde miijim, nawaj-igo bagwajiya’ii owidi,” ikido. Ji-ondinaang wenizhishing miijim iwe bezhig zenagak. Miinawaa-go, Batt odinoo-aanan, “meno-ayaasinog ezhichigeng,” daabishkoo gaa-ozhichigaateg miijim niibiwa gii-miijing, miidash gaawiin miijisiim onowe Anishinaabe inanjigewinan.

Mii onowe wenji-minwiigin gii-ozaamiinak ziinzibaakwadwaapinewin, iwe gaye ode’iwaapinewin ji-ozhi-oomagak imaa okogewining, ikido Batt. Gidimaagiziwin obakiteshkaagon aya’aa aana-wii-nakwetang gii-wiindamawind mashkiki ge-izhi-wiiji’igod. “Maagizhaa oodena-miikanaang izhi-daawag, bangii gaa-diba’amawindwaa anokiiwin odayaanaawaadog ,maagizhaa gaye gaawiin miinaasiiwag deminik anweshinowin ji-mino-ganawenindizowaad, maagizhaa gaye onishike bimi-aawaa’ oniijaanisiwaa’, ikido Batt. Daabishkoo. weweni-ji-inanjiged awiya gii-inind, ji-ando-aateshindizod gaye, zanagadani agwaawaa gii-gashkichiged, miijim gii-aakogindenig, gii-diba’amawaasiwind ajina wii-ishkwaa anokiid, maagizhaa gaye nake ge-izhi-babaami’ayaad. Geget, ezhi-bakiteshkaamagak gidimaagiziwin aana-wii-ganandawizing, aana-wii-mino-ayaang, wiinge bagakinaagod miziwe onowe okogewinan eyaagin.

Gikinoo’amaadiwin biijin–igo Dabasi-gashkichigewin – Daabishkoo gaa-ani-Naaniisibiteg

Lake of the Woods imaa nakeya’ii, inaajimo Batt, “aapiji enigok ogii-bakiteshkaagonaawaa iwe gaapi-izhi-nagadamaagegin ono Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon. Niibiwa geyaabi noongom inamanji’onan ayaawan wenjisegin onowe ganandawiziwin gaye wendaadizing bakiteshkaagewinan.

Gaa-goopaadak gikinoo’amaadiwin iwe nitam inendaagod gaa-ani-gawiseg Anishinaabe-ganandawiziwin gii-ani-wanishkweseg. Omaa Canada, First Nations, Inuit, Metis aya’aag nawaj inendaagoziwag ji-giizhitoosigwaa gikinoo’amaadiwin gii-aazhawe-dibaabamindwaa aanind omaa gaa-daawaad. Gii-bakaanakin onowe ezhi-gashkitoong gikinoo’amaadiwin ani-onjise nawaj gii-ishpiseg gwiinanokiiwin onowe gaye ezhi-miziweseg gidimaagiziwin, gaa-maanaadak waakaa’igewin, gii-gwiinawe-daang, gii-ozaami-mooshkinegin waakaa’iganan, gii-gwiinawe-miijing owe gaye bakaan gii-izhi’ind, gii-aanawenimind gaye awiya. (Pan-Canadian Health Inequalities Reporting Initiative, 2018). Geget-igo izhibii’igewag igiwe Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC) in 2015, “bezhig owe ogichi-bwaanawechigewininwaa onowe gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon onji-nanepaatendaagwad epiitendaagok gakendaasowin gaa-gii-miigiwewaad.”

TRC odando-gakenjigewiniwaa waabanda’iwemagad wegonen debinaak gakendaasowin gaa-onji-maajisegin izhisewinan. Aanike-bimaadiziwin-ganandawiziwin-bakiteshkaagewinan imaa gii-onjiiwan.

Gaawiin deminik zhooniyaan gii-miinaasiiwag Anishinaabe-gikinoo-amaadiiwigamigoon
Gaawiin ogowe gekinoo’amaagewaad ogii-ayaasiinaawaa gakendaasowin
Degwaj anami-aawin gii-gikinoo’igem, owe gaye gii-ozhisijigaate oshki-aya’aag “ji-ango-ayaanig ezhi-anishinaabewiwaad,” apiijwiin gakendaasowin ji-gikinoo’amawindwaa
Wiinge gii-ozaami-mooshkinewan endazhiikeng, mii imaa gaa-onji-oke-aazhawe’iding aakoziwin
Nawaj ge-onji-zhooniyaakeng, (daabishkoo, gii-gitigeng, gii-mitanokiing) ogii-nitamisitoonaawaa apiijwiin ji-gikinoo’amaagewaad

O’owe TRC gii-izhibii’igewag “gii-noondaam Metis abinoojiwag midaaso-biboon, booshke nawaj gabeya’ii gii-gikinoo’amawindwaa, miidash eta niizh gii-akooshkaawaad…gaawiin deminik gakendaasowin ogii-ayaasiinaawaa ji-gashkitoowaad babaamiziwin ji-ayaamowaad – agwaawaa gaye deminik ji-nitaa ozhibii’amowaad mazina’igan.” O’owe izhichigewin gii-onji-wanishkwe-aawag eniwendiwaad ji-gikinoo’amawaawaad oniijaanisiwa’ ji-nitaa anokiinid owe nake enaadiziwaad. Gii-waniseg iwe, niibiwaa bemaadiziwaad gaa-zhaabwiiwaad ono Anishinaabe-gikinoo-amaadiiwigamigoon gii-maneziwag gakenjigewinan ji-anokii’indwaa, mii gaa-izhi-gizikawe-ayaasinog ge-izhi-bimaaji’idiwaad Anishinaabeg ono gaye odookogewiniwaa.

Wemaamaawiyaad, gaapi-akooshkaawaad gii-gikinoo’amawindwaa onjiimagad iwe oniijaanisiwaa’ ge-izhi-gishki’ewizinid gikinoo’amawimind (Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 2008) gaapi-zhaabwiiwaad debasaanig ge-izhi-bimi’idizowaad gii-izhi-bagamiseni ogowe imaa gaa-bi-ondaadiziwaad.

“Gaawiin goshkotaagosinoon,” izhibii’igaate iwe TRC mazina’igan, “epii-dibagandeg abinoojii-gidimaagiziwin ogo Anishinaabe abinoojiiwag gichi-ishpaa – 40%. 17% dash gii-aazhawe-dibaabamindwaa ogo aanind abinoojiiwag imaa Canada eyaawaad….miiwan ono dego-ayaanig obimaadiziiwiniwaa igi abinoojiiwag: onowe ezhi-bimi’idizong, owe gaye gikinoo’amaadiwin gaapi-nagadamaagegin ono Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon.”

Gii-debweng, ikido Batt “onowe Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon, gaawiin gii-izhi-ayaasinoon anishinaabensag ji-gichi-gikinoo’amawindwaa. Anokiiwin omaa akiing ji-ayaag gii-inaabadatoon, ge-anokiiwaad imaa ji-onjiiwaad. Gaawiin gii-inendaagozisiiwag ji-ishpi-gikinoo’amawindwaa. Gii-izhi-aawag ji-gidimaagiziwaad, dabasya’iing ji-dananokiiwaad omaa eyaanid gaa-wenoodizinid debendamowaad ezhi-maajiishkaag gegoo. Ji-gidimaagizing gaa-onji-izhiseg.”

Geyaabi-sa owidi, gaa-gii-izhaawaad Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoong ono dash aanind “bakaan gikinoo-amaadiiwigamigoon,” daabishkoo ini Batt omaamaayan, ogii-megwaashkaanaawaa iwe bakaan gii-izhi-indwaa, gii-aanawenimindwaa gaye. Gekinoo’amaagewaad, igiwe gaye gekinoo’amawindwaa gii-gagaanji’aawag ji-dabasenimaawaad Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amawaaganag. Ji-baapinenjigaateg Anishinaabe-inaadiziwin iwe gaye odaanaang gaapi-inaadizing gii-izhi-gikinoo’amaagewag igi gekinoo’amaagewaad. “Mii ono gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon gaa-izhi-andawenimigowaang ji-izhichigeyaang,” ikido Batt, “ji-agaji’ayaayaang, ji-ani-bakaaniziyaang.” Ji-agajiiwenindizong gii-izhichigewag, mii-iwe gaa-inendaang gaapi-aanikooseg omaa eyaag aanike bimaadiziwin.”

Mii owe wenji-ayaangwaamanji’osigwaa imaa gikinoo-amaadiiwigamigoon niibiwa awiya. Gaawiin wiiji’iwesinoon aana-wii-bimi’idizong. Omoonendaanaawaa aya’aag gikinoo’amaagewin onzaam nake gaapi-izhi-gikinoo’amawimind odaanikoobijiganiwa’ iwe gaye Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon ezhi-oko-zhaaganaashiiwingin,“ izhi-wiindamaage Batt. “Ayaawag Anishinaabeg gaa-ishpi-gikinoo’amawindwaa, gaa-ani-zhaabotaawaad imaa ezhi-oko-ayaang. Ayaawag idash geyaabi gaa-giizhi-gikinoo’amawaasiwindwaa, gaawiin gaye waabandaziinaa ezhi-apiitendaagok gikinoo’amaadiwin.”

Miigo geget ezhising iwe TRC ozhibii’igan, “2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey waabanda’iwem, 72% ogo Anishinaabeg ishkoniganing gaa-daasigwaa, 42% igi Inuit, 77% dash igi Metis, ashi-nishwaaso biijin niimidana-ashi-niiwin endaso-biboonewaad odayaanaawaa mazina’igan ashi-niizh gii-akooshkaang gikinoo’amaadiwin, maagizhaa gaye dibishkoo gegoo….Gii-aazhawe-dibaabanjigaateg owe 2012 National Household Survey waabanda’iwemagad 89% wemitigoozhiwag odaayaanaawaa mazina’igan ashi-niizh gii-akooshkaang gikinoo-amaadiwin.” Gaapi-izhi-nagadamaagegin ono Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon iitog iwe gishki’ewiziwin gii-gikinoo’amaading ezhi-agindeg nawaj dabasagindewan imaa Anishinaabe-okogewining apiijwiin omaa Canadian endaawinan.

“Ningi-inendam igo ji-gidimaagizisiwaan,” izhi-mamikwendam Batt. Misawaa-go gechi-gakendaasod ayaawisiyaan, enigok ningii-gagaanji’idiz ji-zhaabwiitamaan owe gikinoo’amaadiwin onzaam ningii-gakendaan wiika gidimaagiziwin nake wii-inaadizisiwaan. Mii iwe gaa-anokaatamaan.” Misawaa dash ikido, “Waasa ganamaj nindaa gii-dagoshin nindinendam giishpin ondami-miigaadanziwaambaan [onowe] maaji-minjimendamawinan.”

Niigaan Ani-izhaang

Gidimaagiziwin imaa gii-ani-onjiseg, aaniin ge-izhi-gibichitoowangiban owe gaa-gagizhibaaseg ezhi-goopatak aanawii-ayaang gikinoo’amaadiwin. Izhichigeng i’iwe, daa-maajii-gwayakositoom ezhi-diba’okiing owe ganandawiziwin gaa-minosesinog omaa Canada.

Nitam gaa-niigaaniimagak ikidowag ogo TRC, owe oko-gikinoo’amaagewin odaa-bagidinaanaawaa owe gaapi-nagajigaateg gii-inaabadak ji-ango-ayaang gii-Anishinaabewing. Onjida-go deminik zhooniyaa ji-debised ji-gibiseg owe gaapi-nagadamowaad Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon. O’owe gaye, wegonen ge-gikinoo’aamageng ji-aanji-aginjigaateg: Onowe Anishinaabeg eyaamowaad gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon, gaa-gichi-apiitendaagokin dazhinjigewinan onowe ezhi-anishinaabe-aadizing nake gekinoo’amawindwaa daa-miinaawag. “Endanaadizing nake gakenjigewin,” daabishkoo, izhi-nisidawenigaate imaa TRC, “biminizha’igewin gaa-gizikawe’igod awe gekinoo’amawind iniwe ogakenjigewinan onowe: Anishinaabe-aadiziwin, aki, odaanaang gaapi-ezhi-ayaag, onowe gaye dibaajimowinan eyaagin imaa odookogewiniwaa,” dagwii-aawaad gaye gichi-aya’aa wii-ani-gakendamowaad gegoo. Miidash owe, wemitigoozhi gaa-aabajitood gekina’amaading, odaa- ziidonaanaawaa aanawenjigewin ji-ayaasinog. Odaani-dagwasitoonaawaa owe Anishinaabe-inendamowinan iwe gaye gaa-gwayakosing odaanaang gaapi-ayenaadizing.

“Gikinoo’amaadiwin iwe gaa-gichii-inendaagod,” ikido Batt. Miigo gaye owe ji-gakendaang be-izhi-ginoo-bakiteshkaagegin ono Anishinaabe-gikinoo’amaadiiwigamigoon.”Aangwaamas bi-naagod iwe onzaam gaawiin ogii-gakendaziinaawaa igi Canadians, mii dash zhigo gakendamowaad,” izhi-dibaajimo. “Mii maawiin zhigo gakendamowaad Anishinaabeg wenji ozaamiinowaad imaa oodena-miikanaang. Ningoopaadizimin, nimaanaadatoomin ini odena-miikanan, ningiiwashkwebiishkimin, onake nindizhi-ayaamin, owe gaye nake’ii…..waabamikwag nindinawemaaganinaanig iwe gaapi-zhaabwiitamowaad! Giipi-niinami-aawag gosha.”

Mii wenji gotaamigozid Batt iwe gii-anokaatang ji-ganootamaaged o’owe ganandawiziwin. “Gikinoo’amaadiwin apane gaa-ani-onji-aanjiseg gegoo; gikinoo-amaadiwin iwe dash bagakendamowin.” Bagosendam iwe gii-wiidanokiimaad Canadian Medical Association ji, “ji-baakisenig oshkiinzhigowaan, odawaganiwaan gaye, iniwe geget ji-gakendamowaad be-inaadizinid Anishinaabe’.” Inanokii ji-aanjitood ayenendamowin imaa endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin eyaanid, ji-ozhiseg ezhi-nisitomanji’ong, ji-miinoseg ezhi-wiiji’iding, owe gaye ambegizh ji-ani-mashkawi-ayaag owe ezhi-debwetaading.” “Gaawiin wiika niminwaabandaziin enenimindwaa Anishinaabeg gaa-aakoziwaad imaa endazhi-ganawending-oko-ganandawiziwin. Indigo dashwiin-igo bakaan gii-ani-izhise nindinendam, owe gii-dago-bagakendaang.”

Geget, ani-aa-aanjise gegoo. Gaa-ganootamaagewaad, daabishkoo awe Batt, Anishinaabe-babaamiziiwinan, nawaj gii-minoseg ezhi-miiniding zhooniyaa, ani-ishpisewan ekoo-ayaagin gii-ani-gikinoo-amaading. D’Hont, Metis mashkikiiwinini owidi North West Territories wenji-ayaad, ani-ishpise izhibii’ige, Anishinaabeg gaa-giizhi-gikinoo-amawindwaa ono ganandawiziwin-inanokiiwinan daabishkoo wii-gikinoo’amawind awiya ji-mashkikiiwininiiwid. O’owe gii-izhiseg onji-maajise oshki-aya’aag ji-ani-izhi-biminizha’igewaad (D’Hont in Greenwood, de Leeuw, Stout, Larstone awe gaye Sutherland; 2022) “Ayaawag omaa aya’aag nindokogewining gaa-gagwe bazigwii’idizowaad, “izhi-debwedam Batt. Geget win-igo, owidi dabasya’ii onji-maajidaawag, ji-ani-baazhijikamowaad dash iwe. Gaawiin wendasinoon ji-izhichigeng. Nimbi-naaniinimi-ayaawigoomin, gaawiin dashwiin ningii-de-angwii’igoosiimin. Geyaabi nindani-ishpaandawemin.”

References

Bryce, P. H. The Story of a National Crime: An Appeal for Justice to the Indians of Canada. Ottawa: James Hope and Sons, 1922.

Commission on Social Determinants of Health. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health: Commission on Social Determinants of Health final report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

Greenwood, M., de Leeuw, S., Stout R., Larstone, R. & Sutherland, J., editors. Introduction to Determinants of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Peoples’ Health in Canada. Toronto (ON): Canadian Scholars Press; 2022.

Pan-Canadian Health Inequalities Reporting Initiative. (2018). Key Health Inequalities in Canada; A National Portrait. Canada: Public Health Agency of Canada.

ST Fayed, A King, M King, et al. (2018). In the eyes of Indigenous people in Canada: exposing the underlying colonial etiology of hepatitis C and the imperative for trauma-informed care. Canadian Liver Journal 1.3. doi: 10.3138/canlivj.2018-0009.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015). Canada’s Residential Schools: The Legacy; The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 5. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press.

World Health Association (2022). Social determinants of health. Consulted on https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1